Centromere Location and Chromosome Separation

Centromere Location and Chromosome Separation A centromere is a locale on a chromosome that joins sister chromatids. Sister chromatids are twofold abandoned, recreated chromosomes that structure during cell division. The essential capacity of the centromere is to fill in as a position of connection for shaft fibersâ during cell division. The shaft mechanical assembly extends cells and isolates chromosomesâ to guarantee that each new little girl cell has the right number of chromosomes toward the culmination of mitosis and meiosis. The DNA in the centromere area of a chromosome is made out of firmly stuffed chromatin known as heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is very dense and is in this manner not interpreted. Because of its heterochromatin piece, the centromere locale recolors more hazily with colors than different districts of a chromosome. Key Takeaways Centromeres are districts on a chromosome that join sister chromatids whose essential capacity is for the connection of shaft filaments in cell division.While centromeres are normally situated in the focal zone of a chromosome, they can likewise be situated close to the mid-locale or at various situations on the chromosome.Specialized zones on centromeres called kinetochores append the chromosomes to axle strands in prophase in mitosis.Kinetochores have protein edifices that produce kinetochore filaments. These strands help to arrange and isolate chromosomes during cell division.In meiosis, in metaphase I, the centromeres of homologous chromosomes are situated toward inverse cell posts while in meiosis II, shaft filaments reaching out from both cell posts join to sister chromatids at their centromeres. Centromere Location A centromere isn't constantly situated in the focal region of a chromosome. A chromosome is included a short arm area (p arm) and a long arm district (q arm) that are associated by a centromere locale. Centromeres might be situated close to the mid-district of a chromosome or at various situations along the chromosome. ​ Metacentric centromeres are situated close to the chromosome center.Submetacentric centromeres are non-midway found with the goal that one arm is longer than the other.Acrocentric centromeres are situated close to the furthest limit of a chromosome.Telocentric centromeres are found toward the end or telomere locale of a chromosome. The situation of the centromere is promptly discernible in a human karyotype of homologous chromosomes. Chromosome 1 is a case of a metacentric centromere, chromosome 5 is a case of a submetacentric centromere, and chromosome 13 is a case of an acrocentric centromere. Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis Preceding the beginning of mitosis, the cell enters a phase known as interphase where it imitates its DNA in anticipation of cell division. Sister chromatids are shaped that are joined at their centromeres.In prophase of mitosis, particular locales on centromeres called kinetochores append chromosomes to shaft polar filaments. Kinetochores are made out of various protein buildings that create kinetochore filaments, which join to axle strands. These filaments help to control and separate chromosomes during cell division.During metaphase, chromosomes are held at the metaphase plate by the equivalent powers of the polar strands pushing on the centromeres.During anaphase, matched centromeres in each unmistakable chromosome start to move separated as little girl chromosomes are pulled centromere first toward furthest edges of the cell.During telophase, recently framed cores encase isolated little girl chromosomes. After cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm), two particular little girl cells are shaped. Chromosome Segregation in Meiosis In meiosis, a cell experiences two phases of the isolating procedure. These stages are meiosis I and meiosis II. During metaphase I, the centromeres of homologous chromosomes are arranged toward inverse cell posts. This implies homologous chromosomes will connect at their centromere areas to axle strands reaching out from just one of the two cell poles.When axle filaments abbreviate during anaphase I, homologous chromosomes are pulled toward inverse cell posts however sister chromatids remain together.In meiosis II, axle filaments stretching out from both cell shafts append to sister chromatids at their centromeres. Sister chromatids are isolated in anaphase II when axle strands pull them toward inverse shafts. Meiosis brings about the division, partition, and circulation of chromosomes among four new little girl cells. Every cell is haploid, containing just a large portion of the quantity of chromosomes as the first cell. Centromere Anomalies Centromeres assume a significant job by taking an interest in the partition procedure for chromosomes. Their structure notwithstanding, can make them potential destinations for chromosome modifications. Keeping the uprightness of centromeres flawless is in this manner a significant activity for the cell. Centromere oddities have been connected to different sicknesses like malignancy.

Youth Gangs Problem and Response Free Essays

Irving Spergel starts his examination by taking note of that the wonder of youth packs isn't solely a result of American development or the advanced urban condition, calling attention to that posses date as far back to the seventeenth century England and range the extent that Asia and South America, have advanced from places as various as the mystery social orders from Hong Kong and the jail states of New Zealand. Spergel likewise sees that endeavors to look into youth posses have yielded shifting outcomes and reached uncontrollably contrasting determinations concerning their criminal seriousness, the conditions which produce them, and the relationship they have with youth misconduct. Analysts likewise decide to characterize posses as well as classify them according to non-pack related youth misconduct in rather fluctuated manners, which just muddles this. We will compose a custom article test on Youth Gangs: Problem and Response or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now I locate this sort of social and verifiable setting extremely captivating. It positively loans the idea of youth pack a specific authenticity that isn't managed in standard portrayals of them. Time and again, packs are just seen as results of discouraged regions of urban America. They are viewed as an indication of social disappointment instead of as a characteristic result of human advancement, basically in light of the fact that it makes for progressively shocking substance on TV. Be that as it may, as Spergel’s inquire about outline appears, youth posses are a methods for the young to address their own community’s inadequacies, most quite an absence of trust in one’s family or a powerlessness to totally interface with peers at a school or workplace. What's more, Spergel recommends that law authorization, social government assistance offices and different ways a network tends to youth groups are problematized by how the segment complexities of pack arrangement are mutilated as well as misrepresented by how standard news media and legislative associations decide to profile them. One telling model is the means by which such mutilations lead even the Department of Justice to finance investigate that depends on defective philosophy or depend on terribly expanded figures for the motivations behind talk. Regardless of these demonstrations, considers have shown that the ‘gang problem’ can't be uniquely decreased to one segment and that the different exercises they take part in are not really restricted to criminal conduct. Spergel attempts to address this by looking into such writing, and through this has recommended that posse conduct contrasts from different types of youth misconduct in that the previous must lie totally inside the space of gathering focused direct †securing the ‘turf’, keeping up an ideological code, and so forth. He additionally strongly characterizes reprobate youth bunches against posses by taking note of that the last should have a generally steady social request/gathering while the previous will in general be progressively liquid in structure, and authority is anything but a fixed consistent. Moreover, posse brutality or criminally-situated group conduct isn't as drastically hazardous as well known records will in general propose. While a few urban communities are surely known for their disturbing figures, the general normal of criminially-arranged group conduct is entirely low. Spergel reprimands inquire about information by proposing that the veracity of any such measurements is promptly made suspect by hazardous ‘measurements’ used to determine such information. They can be mutilated relying upon how one ‘counts’ pack populace and criminally-situated group conduct. Spergel’s examine is excessively long to truly address every one of his focuses in a concise way, however let it get the job done to say that he presents a fairly interesting glance at research and its impression of packs and group conduct, most quite in light of the fact that it proposes the heterogeneity of the wonder and the straightforwardness at which it tends to be twisted. Step by step instructions to refer to Youth Gangs: Problem and Response, Papers

Text exercises week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Content activities week 4 - Essay Example The accounting report of Technical Inc. for the year finished 31st December 2006 shows the general situation of the organization at that particular time. The announcement gives an outline of the advantages and liabilities and the drawn out obligations. The shareholder’s value and held profit are likewise remembered for the announcement. The monetary record gives an unmistakable view on what the organization claims and what it owes, as it were, the estimation of the organization is portrayed to be decided sheet. It likewise incorporates the subtleties of the ventures made by the financial specialists and investors. The whole of the considerable number of liabilities and the shareholders’ value in every case should be equivalent to resources. This announcement gives the held profit to a particular timeframe. The announcement of Technical Inc shows that the organization has all out held income of nearly $73,100 as of 31st December 2006. The announcement traces the adjustments in the held income for explicit periods. These are commonly arranged in understanding to the General Accepted Accounting Principles. The announcement of held profit can be accommodated with the start and completion of the held income for a particular timeframe here first January 2006 until 31st December 2006. The held income for a period can be acquired as the net of the past held profit alongside that of the present year. In the event that the loan fee expands, the sum required following 20 years (from section a) will be lesser as the current estimation of the $ 20,000 required for a long time will be lower. The explanation is that the markdown rate will be higher, which will lessen the sum required. An expansion in the loan fee will likewise bring down the sum required now (from part b), as higher premium will acquire better yields and thus the future estimation of the speculation will be higher. This will prompt a lesser venture to acquire the necessary sum. An expansion in the income rate will diminish the single store sum required processed partially a. The

Critique of a Nursing Research Article - 825 Words

Critique of a Nursing Research Article (Article Critique Sample) Content: Critique of a Nursing Research ArticleStudents Name:Course:AbstractThe problem brought about by non-use of helmets is much greater than can be imagined. The critique tackles this issue by involving the study in nurses perspective. The nursing fraternity is charged with taking care of the injured in the acute care system. Keywords: bicycle, helmet use, accident, head injury, vulnerabilityCritique of a Nursing Research ArticleIntroductionThe paper introduces the question of the study and goes forward to explain the ways in which the solutions to the question can be implemented. The paper delves into the past, giving the statistics of the occurrence of accidents. It also tackles the issue of accidents related to bicycles, how they cause fatal injuries that sometimes lead to death. The author quotes researches that have already been done and uses the data to inform the reader of the need for the study. The author then introduces the health belief model. This is a nursing theory that relates to the research. It is applied in the assessment of the use of helmets and its safety.Research ProblemThere are many accidents related to bicycles. Although these modes of transportation are not usually prone to accidents, the consequences related to them are sometimes vital. The paper explains the research question in detail and allows the reader to understand the purpose of the study from the definition of the research problem.Research QuestionDoes the use of helmets reduce the risk of injuries, particularly head injuries? The paper tries to answer the question in many ways, using questionnaires and analysis of existing literature on the subject.Research HypothesesThe relationship between the severity of head injuries and the use of helmets, the study in question deals with the hypothesis but on a lighter note. It does not delve into the matter too much; maybe expecting that another major research will be done that will deal with the issue broadly. This limitat ion may arise due to limited funding. Research variables include such items ashelmet userisk of head injuriesThe study articulates the variables very well, even explaining the meaning of each of them. Helmet use concerns itself with the use of a material that protects the head from injuries when one is befallen by an accident. The helmet can also be used when riding a motorbike. Racecar drivers make use of it as well.Research PurposeThe research was conducted in order to determine if the use of helmet will reduce the risk of head injuries on people who ride bicycles. The research dealt well with the issue at hand and made proper conclusions on the use of helmets. The health problem related to head injuries was also reviewed well.Literature ReviewZimmerman et al., (2011) states that, the study on riding a bike showed that the data associated with it is consistently used. This is because it protects the bike rider from minor injuries of the accident thus it is empowering the use of h elmet when riding. According to Solagberu et al., (2006), the author claims that riding experience assist in reducing the happening of accidents and thus injuries to the party involved is reduced. Ranney, states that the results of the research conducted on the data regarding injuries caused by bicycle accidents in health institute showed that those use helmets get minor injuries than those do not use the helmet. According to the various researches which have been conducted by many authors shows that, it is important to consider conducting further research on the use of the helmet in relation to injuries occurring to bike riders due to accidents.Ethical IssuesThe only requirement the study needed was to go-ahead from the administration of the areas under study. The research did not involve private matters and, therefore, the results must not be hidden. The study addressed all the issues concerned with the administration and the researchers deserve a bravo for their work.Methodology DesignThe study used questionnaires to find answers to research questions. The design employed cross-sectional studies. In addition, there were interpreters to assist the participants involved in the inquiry to understand the questions. These measurements helped to get the real issues in the study and get conclusive results. The study utilized randomized controlled trials, which gauged the usefulness of use of helmets in preventing head injuries by means of observations. The design applied during the research procedure helped to get unbiased results.The research was meant to shape the significance of the use of helmets in the prevention of vital accidents. From the results of the exploration, it was found out that the use of helmets reduced the risk of fatalities related to the head injuries. Thus, the research is valid because it managed to answer its question. The study with regard to bicycles and safety was conducted long time ago, and in this way, the need for a current research was evident. It follows that the recent inquiry by Mwakapasa (2011) is reliable in gauging the various variables concerned with bicycles, riding and safety.Sample and ProcedureThe sample was derived from people and cyclist who had experienced a crash. They were asked if they had their helmets on at the time crash or not. The sampling used in the research was satisfactory since the focus of the study was to find out the relationship between safety and use of helmets. The study sample was from Ta...

What Does It Mean To Be Jewish In America . Also Known

What does it mean to be Jewish in America? Also known as the land of immigrants, America houses over 11.4 million immigrants, comprising roughly 13.3% of its population. It is also home to the largest number of minorities in the world, including religious, ethnic, and racial minorities. Amongst these reside approximately 5.4 million Jews, accounting for about 1.4% of the American population. However, are these figures and statistics enough to accurately depict what it means to be Jewish in America? By religious belief, Jewish people trace their origin all the way back to Abraham, who spread the message of the Oneness of God. However, the documented origin of Judaism started with the conquest of Joshua in 1250 B.C. The presence of Jews in†¦show more content†¦The early waves of Jewish immigration and immigration restriction were followed by the Holocaust, which destroyed most of Europe’s Jewish community. This turned America into the home of the largest Jewish diaspora in the world. On a theological level, American Jews are divided into a number of Jewish denominations that the majority belongs to: Reform Judaism, Conservative Judaism, and Orthodox Judaism. The Jewish community continued to grow and prosper during the 21st century, paying their fair share and participating in all walks of life. Excelling in education, science, performing arts, economics, and virtually all other fields of the society, the Jews have made themselves quite a name. A surprisingly common perception (keeping in mind the Jewish population is merely 1.3%) is that Jews have a big hand in controlling the US economy. In the article by Nathan Guttmann, he talks about the ‘Four Jews Shaping the US Economy,’ as he mentions the four Jews in America’s top offices concerning the economy. These include: the Office of the Treasury Secretary, Director of the National Economic Council of the White House, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors, and the Office of Management and Budget. This article is a very typical example of how a common American on the streets looks at a Jew: a minority in charge of a country comprised of over 320 million. The list of wealthy Jews who own corporations worth billions is presented as evidence for this argument. In theShow MoreRelatedBiography and Book Report on Shaul Magid1610 Words   |  6 PagesSchottenstein Chair of Jewish Studies in Modern Judaism at Indiana University. In addition, on the site he says that he grew up in a secular Jewish household in New York and then become serious about religion at the age of 20 in which he dove deeply into the world of Hasidism. He says that he is fascinated by the complex nexus of Judaism and American counterculture of his youth and writes about the topic as a scholar rather then an observer. In the introduction he states that, proximity does not by definitionRead MoreDietary Laws of the Jewish Religion Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Jewish religion dietary laws are one of the most important parts of keeping the faith. These laws are thought to be sent from God to keep the Jewish people pure. Over the year it has became easier for Jews to eat kosher but many people have chosen to assimilate with passing time. A tradition that started aroun d 3500 years ago that has kept its importance. Around 1275 B.C.E many of the Jewish prophets started to talk about kashrut otherwise known as keeping kosher. They talked about how GodRead MoreThe Destruction Of The Second Temple Of Jerusalem1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem is what differentiates each viewpoint. 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It is known that in the religious aspect, the Pope is not supposed to support same-sex marriage because it is supposedly against the bible. Pope Francic becameRead MoreThe Comic Book MAUS1288 Words   |  5 PagesMAUS Introduction Since the publishing of the comic book MAUS, there has been a broad debate not only from the survivors of the Holocaust but within the Jewish community pertaining to the appropriateness and representational meaning of the Holocaust in the modern literature. Many people who participate in the discussions or read the book have perceived the comic fashioning of the book as trivial, hence making the book appear as mocking, derogatory and comedic. Nevertheless, this is not the

Red Bulls Competitors - 1151 Words

Competitors In the Hong Kong energy drink industry, Red Bull has several main direct competitors, Paolyta, Libogen and Shark. These products have similar main ingredients, taurine, glucuronolactone and caffeine with Red Bull. Therefore, these competitors provide the same benefit, which is to enhance energy, performance, concentration and speed of response by similar products. In addition, Shark keeps trying to attack Red Bull, by comparing the taste, benefits and usefulness through their advertisements and public relational events. Although Shark is still not very popular in Hong Kong, it should be a great potential threat for Red Bull in the future energy drink market. Besides the direct competitors, Lucozade, Essence of Chicken and†¦show more content†¦In Hong Kong, it does not compete very well, so it is a weak competitor of Red Bull. Product The prescription and ingredients of Paolyta are also similar to Red Bull. Price The price of each bottle of Paolyta is about $10 and there is no significant change in recent years. Place Its distribution network is relatively poorer than Red Bull as it is only sold in convenient stores. Promotion It has placed a set of television advertisements in Hong Kong several years ago. However, there is no more advertisement is shown in Hong Kong afterward. 2.1.2. Indirect Competitors Lucozade Lucozade was developed in 1927 by an English pharmacist. It has a similar function of Red Bull that is recharging people’s mind. However, the formula of this product is totally different from Red Bull. It is mainly made of glucose syrup which is proved that it does not have any negative effect to people’s health but this product cannot help people to enhance physical performance. The Lucozade company recently has put a lot of resources to boost its sales include placing advertisements on television and introducing new versions of its products like Lucozade Extra. It uses also animation to tell people about the strength and major function of it which is to improve brain performance. Compare with other competitors, it introduced many flavors and the flavors are more likely to be accepted byShow MoreRelatedRed Bull735 Words   |  3 PagesCase: Red Bull Red Bull’s success is a result of a great marketing strategy including product placement and creating brand loyalty. Success is also a result of avoiding marketing myopia. Red Bull accomplished this by claiming to satisfy more than just your thirst. Dietrich Mateschitz took the energy drink concept of Krating Daeng in Thailand and broadened it usage by also marketing Red Bull as a sports drink, functional drink, and nutritious drink. Their success was also stemmed fromRead MoreRed Bull Marketing Problem773 Words   |  4 PagesThe central problem I believe Red Bull is facing is the fact that it reached its maturity phase while many competitors have arisen, taking up some of its market share. Red Bull must act in order to avoid finding itself in decline due to the saturation of the market. What can it do to increase sales and retain its market share? The critical factors to be considered to formulate sound alternative solutions are: †¢ Brand image and reputation. Red Bull has built a brand reputation it cannot overlook:Read MoreThe Extreme Sports Market : Red Bull1516 Words   |  7 Pagesenergy drink powerhouse, Red Bull. Red Bull was founded in Austria in 1984, and since then has grown rapidly, while also inventing new marketing strategies along the way. According to Forbes, Red Bull is the â€Å"76th worldwide most valuable brand†, which is estimated to be worth 7.2 billion dollars. â€Å"The brand that gives you wings sold 5.6 billion cans, up 4%, across 170 countries in 2014† (Badenhausen, 2015). On the Other hand, just like many of the fortune 500 companies Red Bull is way more than justRead MoreRed Bull1107 Words   |  5 Pageswill you characterize Red Bull’s overall global marketing strategy (global, glocal or local)? Ans 1 – It is my opinion that Red Bull has a global marketing strategy which it implements in all the markets in enters into. Red Bull has built its name as a trendy energy drink, catering to young adults (aged 16-29), young urban professionals and post secondary school students. Also it targets young club-goers and private parties to spread its name as an active and stylish drink. Red Bull believes that itRead MoreRed Bull Case Study743 Words   |  3 PagesRed Bull Statement of the Problem: Red Bull’s enviable position is changing. More energy drinks have been introduced in the market. The competitors of Red Bull gives the same effects when drinking these energy drinks by giving extra energy for work and improved performance for athletes. How can Red Bull compete with its competitors and still catch the attention of their market? Assumptions of the Study: Product – Red Bull as an energy drink contains carbon dioxideRead MoreRed Bull1115 Words   |  5 Pageswill you characterize Red Bull’s overall global marketing strategy (global, glocal or local)? Ans 1 – It is my opinion that Red Bull has a global marketing strategy which it implements in all the markets in enters into. Red Bull has built its name as a trendy energy drink, catering to young adults (aged 16-29), young urban professionals and post secondary school students. Also it targets young club-goers and private parties to spread its name as an active and stylish drink. Red Bull believes that itRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Red Bull Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Red Bull is an energy drink brand that originated in Austria in 1987, and has since sold over 5.6 billion cans. When the product premiered it was the first of its type, and despite many competing companies starting and selling products to oppose Red Bull, the brand has remained a leader in it’s market sector. This essay will explore how Red Bull applies the marketing concept to their brand, and how this results in the company sustaining its success. 1.1 Background to Brand Red Bull is aRead MoreRed Bull Environmental Scan1129 Words   |  5 PagesRed Bull’s popularity and status as the number one energy drink in the market reflects the importance allocated to marketing. The company’s hegemony in the energy drink industry is a reflection of their adherence to a multifaceted strategic management plan that considers the imperativeness of environmental factors. As competition increases, companies strive to differentiate themselves through common shared principles to retain customers. In the case of Red Bull and their annual sales of â€Å"4,204 billionRead MoreRed Bull s Strengths And Opportunities1126 Words   |  5 PagesWith regards to the Red Bull SFAS chart, making a TOWS chart for them further explains their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and exactly what to do with their set of attributes. Strengths/Opportunities Red Bull’s strengths and opportunities really focus on their brand, consumers and their exposure. This section discusses how they can utilize these key points to gain further improvement based off what they are already succeeding in. The first point is Red Bull taking advantageRead MoreRed Bull Marketing Strategy979 Words   |  4 PagesRed Bull Mission Statement: To be the premier marketer and supplier of red bull in Asia,Europe and other parts of the globe. We will achieve this mission by building long-term relationships with the people who can make it become a reality. Marketing Mix Product * ProductRed Bull is a sweet, caffeinated drink aimed to give consumers the high energy kick. * Available only in rather expensive 250ml cans, 350ml bottles, with 4 packs and only two‘flavours’ (original or sugar-free).

Alzheimer’s Disease Case Study free essay sample

M. E. is a 62-year-old woman who has a 5-year history of progressive forgetfulness. She is no longer able to care for herself, has become increasingly depressed and paranoid, and recently started a fire in the kitchen. After extensive neurologic evaluation, M. E. is diagnosed as having Alzheimer’s disease. Her husband and children have come to the Alzheimer’s unit at your ECF (extended-care facility) for information about this disease and to discuss the possibility of placement for M. E. You reassure the family that you have experience dealing with the questions and concerns of most people in their situation. 1. How would you explain Alzheimer’s disease to the family? 2. The husband asks, â€Å"How did she get Alzheimer’s? We don’t know anyone else who has it. † How would you respond? 3. After asking the family to describe M. E. ’s behavior, you determine that she is in stage two of Alzheimer’s three stages. We will write a custom essay sample on Alzheimer’s Disease Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Describe common S/S for each stage of the disease. 4. The daughter expresses frustration at the number of tests M. E. had to undergo and the length of time it took for someone to diagnosis M. E. ’s problem. What tests are likely to be performed and how is Alzheimer’s disease diagnosed? The husband states, â€Å"How are you going to take care of her? She wanders around all night long. She can’t find her way to the bathroom in a house she’s lived in for 43 years. She can’t be trusted to be alone any more; she almost burnt the house down. We’re all exhausted; there are three of us, and we can’t keep up with her. You acknowledge how exhausted they must be from trying to keep her safe. You tell the family that there is no known treatment but Alzheimer’s units have been created to to provide a structured, safe environment for each person. 5. Describe the Alzheimer’s-related nursing interventions R/T(related to) each of the following nursing care problems: self-care deficits, disturbed sleep pattern, impaired verbal communication, impaired cognitive function, risk for injury, and agitation. . M. E. ’s son asks what different medications might be prescribed for M. E. How would you describe the purpose of antiseizure, cognitive, antipsychotic, antidepressive, or sedative medications for a patient like M. E.? You try to comfort the family by telling them that the problems they are experiencing are very common. You explain that family support is a major focus of your program. 7. List four ways that M. E. ’s family might receive the support they need.

Sir Phillip Sidneys Sonnet # 47 From Astrophil And Stella Essays

Sir Phillip Sidney's Sonnet # 47 From Astrophil And Stella Sir Phillip Sidney's Sonnet # 47 from Astrophil and Stella The sonnet is a short concise form of writing and it takes a great mind to master it. By mastering it, I mean to be able to say so much in what seems like so little space. Sir Phillip Sidney comes as close to mastering it as anyone else in his time or any other does. As the opening line says, this is about a betrayal. Strangely enough, the last line of the sonnet ends with a word that is the very essence of betrayal. The sonnet ends with the word, lie. This would cause one to expect to get an explanation of the betrayal between the first and last lines. This appears to be a story of both love and betrayal. In the sonnet, it is love that betrays. The narrator opens the sonnet with a question to himself. He wants to know if he has betrayed his own liberty or his freedom. The next three lines of this quatrain use imagery of slavery. The narrator is struggling in knowing if he were born free or if he were born a slave to this love. He raises a question in the closing line of the quatrain, if anyone can handle the confines of love and the boundaries it seems to place on a person. The first quatrain uses such dark imagery that for Americans today brings up thoughts of the Civil War. The fact is, slavery as Americans today think of it was not around in Sidney's time. He wrote Astrophil and Stella around three hundred years before the Civil War. Also, the way Sidney lays out the first quatrain is peculiar. A single line that is not indented is placed, followed by a couplet that Sidney indents, which is then followed by the last line that is not indented. The same format is used in the next quatrain as well. In this quatrain, the imagery is still dark but shifts from slavery to more of personal feelings. The narrator is questioning whether he wants to have sense enough to feel the misery that he is in. In the second, line is questions whether he wants the spirit to show that he despises his love. He has wanted her for a long time and he is in misery without her, he is in this deep misery and the only thing he has is his despise for begging. The third quatrain is different from the first two in its format. The first line is indented and the other three are not. This would cause one to think that this line is set apart for a reason. The first two words say why, it is an exclamation to wake up. It is meant to stand out much like a mother coming into a child's room and yelling wake up very early in the morning. Here, the narrator is telling Virtue within himself to awake. He wants to do the right thing. He realizes that although this girl is beautiful, he does not love her and he must let her go. It is not fair to hold on to someone in a relationship or in the words of the first quatrain, keep someone a slave to you, if you do not love them. This is a commentary from over four hundred years ago that is still true in relationships today. Today, people will date or stay together in an unhealthy relationship for stupid reasons or superficial reasons and either one or both of the people do not love the other. The last couplet, the closing lines of the sonnet, also tell the story of relationships today. In the beginning of the relationship he thought that he may have been in love with her. He lied by telling her that he did love her and now, after all of the struggle, his heart is starting to see the fact that he is indeed not in love with her, that it has just been tricked or has been following his tongue, which has been lying to her. This whole sonnet, although written hundreds of years ago, could not be anymore true

Around the World essays

Around the World essays Africa is a very deserted continent. It has mostly third-world countries and is very under-developed. Deserts cover a large area of the terrain. There are not many large cities and societies compared to other continents such as Europe and North America. Small tribes, however, are very common and follow the same customs and traditions for centuries. Many scientists believe the worlds population originated in Africa Antarctica is almost entirely uninhabited because of the harsh climate. The entire land is covered by ice because it is located at the South Pole. The only animals that live there must adapt to the extreme cold weather by having thick fur coats. There are many mountain ranges. The largest continent on the planet is Asia. It contains China, which is the largest populated country. However, many parts of Asia are unoccupied because of the rocky mountain terrain. The societies range from very low class countries to high-tech corporate cities. Australia is the only continent besides Antarctica to have one country. It is an island located in the Pacific Ocean. It has a very tropical region. It is very hot atmospheric conditions. Kangaroos are very common in Australia. Their society has a strong, peaceful government and is generally upper class. Europe has more countries than any other continent. Most of the countries are extremely small compared to the United States and China. However, they have many upper class countries such as France, England, and Spain. The terrain is made up of many forested areas, except the cities. North America is probably the most powerful continent in the world because it contains the United States of America, but also has Mexico, Canada, and many smaller countries in Central America. North America has many mountain ranges, lakes, and deserts. However, most of the land is populated by large cities because most of the countries are wealthy. There arent any particularly signif ...

Nietzsche and Mill Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nietzsche and Mill - Research Paper Example On one hand, the position adopted by Nietzsche through the famous dichotomies defining the genesis of good, bad and evil formulate the essence of morality from the basics. Apparently, it would be difficult to discuss that whose origin or genesis cannot support its existence. On the other hand, the opinion of John Stuart Mill concerning morality raises the higher bar of morality through definition of virtue and its importance in life, for instance in religion (Smith 27). Despite the fact that the approaches taken by the two philosophers distinguish their philosophical orientation through different concepts on the central theme, two concepts remain throughout their debate as demonstrated in this discourse. Both philosophers independently made astounding interpretations to morality, almost certainly taking a similar opinion on several elements than conflicting opinion. The centrality of morality in the work by Nietzsche and Mill illustrates the diversity of definition of the underlying interpretations such as through genealogy of morals, utilitarianism, egoism, righteousness and consequentialism. Tracing the origin of the general meaning of good and bad from class differentiation between the powerful and the weak eventually leading to a systemic unquestionable belief of correct and wrong judgments presents Nietzsche’s opinion in a sharp reflection on morality. The First Essay depicts Nietzsche as a simplistic morality thinker in the way he relates the topic with the human society. Perhaps getting the basics rights in the definition of what morality entails gives Nietzsche the edge in laying the foundations of the debate. Morality interpretation of good through attaching benefit to the recipient of actions of others illustrates the perspective taken by Nietzsche, though he makes the observation to the effect that the terminology ‘good’ came later. Such an

Digital communication schemes + AWGN channel Research Paper

Digital communication schemes + AWGN channel - Research Paper Example In digital modulation, an analog transporter signal is adjusted with a digital information flow. Digital modulation techniques can be enumerated as digital-to-analog conversion, and the corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The most essential digital modulation schemes are found on keying, that are PSK, FSK, ASK and QAM. In the subject of PSK; acronym of phase-shift keying, a finite number of phases are used. In the matter of FSK; short form of frequency-shift keying; a finite number of frequencies are used. In the topic of ASK; abbreviation of amplitude-shift keying, a finite number of amplitudes are used. In the area of QAM; meaning Quadrature amplitude modulation; a finite number of at least two phases and at least two amplitudes are used. An instrument that executes modulation is recognized as a modulator and an appliance that executes the converse process of modulation is identified as a demodulator, at times it is also called as detector. An e lectronic tool that can do both processes is a modem; ‘mod’ means modulator and ‘dem’ means demodulator. 1. Quadrature Phase Shift Key Modulation (QPSK) Phase-shift keying is a digital modulation method that transmits information by altering the phase of an oriented signal called as the carrier wave. QPSK is recognized in different notations as quaternary PSK also as quadriphase PSK or 4-PSK. QPSK utilizes four spots on the assemblage figure, at equal arc interval around a circle. With quadrangle points, QPSK can program twice bits per symbol, as revealed in the figure with gray convention to lessen the bit inaccuracy or error rate also known as BER. The numerical investigation demonstrates that QPSK can be utilized also to make twice the information flow rate evaluated with a Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK scheme, a type of PSK) while preserving the identical bandwidth of the pulses. In other words it can be said that QPSK, in order to keep up with the in formation flow rate of BPSK, reduces half the bandwidth requirement as in the case of BPSK. In this issue of QPSK, the BER (bit inaccuracy rate) of QPSK is precisely alike as the BER of BPSK modulation scheme. The numeric execution of QPSK is further wide-ranging as compare to BPSK and also specifies the execution of advanced order PSK. In scripting the mathematical code in the group drawing in language of the sine and cosine waves utilized to broadcast them is as under: The above equation will convey the quadrangle points, as it is desirable in QPSK, the phases will be at one forth ‘?’ at corresponding value of n = 1, three by forth ‘?’ at corresponding value of n = 2, five by forth ‘?’ at corresponding value of n = 3, and seven by forth ‘?’ at corresponding value of n = 4. Where ‘fc’ is the carrier frequency and ‘n’ is the phase value. 2. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Quadrature amplitude modulat ion abbreviated as QAM is mutually an analog plus a digital modulation method. It communicates two analog communication pulses, or in an analogous approach two digital bits flow. QAM does so by altering the amplitudes of two transporter

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Psychology - Essay Example Selye’s studies showed that the body responds in the same way to any stress, be it positive events (new job) or negative circumstances (failure, embarrassment, trouble at school, a stormy romance). ALARM STAGE: Alarm stage suggests that the body is in the generalized arousal state, wherein the body mobilizes its resources to cope with stressors. The pituitary gland signals the adrenal glands to produce and release stress hormones: adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol. As these stress hormones are dumped into the bloodstream, some bodily processes are rushed others are slowed, allowing bodily resources to be applied where they are needed. We should all be thankful that our bodies automatically respond to emergencies. However, brilliant as this emergency system is, it can also cause problems. In the first phase of the alarm reaction, people have such symptoms as headache, fever, fatigue, sore muscles, shortness of breath, diarrhea, upset stomach, loss of appetite, and lack of energy. Notice that these are also the symptoms of stressful travel, of high-altitude sickness, of anxiety, of pressure in the courtroom interrogation, or final exams week, and possibly of falling in love! RESISTANCE STAGE: During the resistance stage, the body continues to resist the stressors. As the body’s defenses come into balance, symptoms of the alarm reaction disappear. Outwardly, everything seems normal. However, this appearance of normality comes at a high cost. The body is better able to cope with the original stressor, example, animals placed in extreme cold become more resistant to the cold, but more susceptible to infection. It is during the stage of resistance that the first signs of psychosomatic disorders begin to appear. EXHAUSTION STAGE: Continued stress leads to the stage of exhaustion in which the body’s resources are drained and stress hormones are depleted. The body is susceptible to disease and even death in this stage. Unless you found a way of

King James I :: Papers

King James I born June 19, 1566, Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland died March 27, 1625, Theobalds, Hertfordshire, England King of Scotland (as James VI) from 1567 to 1625 and first Stuart king of England from 1603 to 1625, who styled himself â€Å"king of Great Britain.† James was a strong advocate of royal absolutism, and his conflicts with an increasingly self-assertive Parliament set the stage for the rebellion against his successor, Charles I. James was the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley. Eight months after James's birth his father died when his house was destroyed by an explosion. After her third marriage, to James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, Mary was defeated by rebel Scottish lords and abdicated the throne. James, one year old, became king of Scotland on July 24, 1567; Mary left the kingdom on May 16, 1568, and never saw her son again. During his minority James was surrounded by a small band of the great Scottish lords, from whom emerged the four successive regents, the earls of Moray, Lennox, Mar, and Morton. There did not exist in Scotland the great gulf between rulers and ruled that separated the Tudors and their subjects in England. For nine generations the Stuarts had in fact been merely the ruling family among many equals, and James all his life retained a feeling for those of the great Scottish lords who gained his confidence. The young king was kept fairly isolated but was given a good education until the age of 14. He studied Greek, French, and Latin and made good use of a library of classical and religious writings that his tutors, George Buchanan and Peter Young, assembled for him. James's education aroused in him literary ambitions rarely found in princes but which also tended to make him a pedant. Before James was 12 he had taken the government nominally into his own hands when the Earl of Morton was driven from the regency in 1578. For several years more, however, James remained the puppet of contending intriguers and faction leaders. After falling under the influence of the Duke of Lennox, a Roman Catholic who schemed to win back Scotland for the imprisoned Queen Mary, James was kidnapped by William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie, in 1582 and was forced to denounce Lennox. The following year James escaped from his Protestant captors and began to pursue his own policies as king.

Finance and Positivism

Introduction According to Little (2005), philosophy of social science is a scholarly discipline that attempts to analyse the logic, methodology, modes of explanation of the social sciences, in which its studies include psychology, sociology, anthropology, history and economics. Social science provides understanding of everyday interactions of individuals and interactions among human society in social institutions. Providing prediction and explanation for human behaviour and its consequences are some of the main aims of social science (Rosenberg, 1988).The purpose of this paper is to examine how philosophy of social science can help in explaining speculators’ behaviours. This paper is divided into five sections. It will begin by explaining the speculative behaviours of stock traders on lottery type of stocks, the probable data source and methodology. This will be followed by introducing the concept of positivism and identifying the reasons for selecting positivism. This paper w ill also provide some criticisms to positivism. Lastly, the paper ends with a summary.Speculative Behaviours of the Stock Traders in Lottery Type of Stocks My research will be mainly focus on the speculative behaviours of the stock traders, such as fund managers and retail speculators on lottery type of stocks. Speculation is different from investment, in which according to Peers (2003), On the one hand, speculation involves taking large amount of risks attempting to earn quick profit. Speculation is a game where expected return and risk are both indeterminate.As a result, speculators need to take relatively large amount of risk with respect to attempt to predict the future. A simple example of speculation is purchasing gold. Speculators might think that buying gold is a better use of money due to the inflation. Since gold depends more on inflationary rate and relies less on global economy, buy gold during period of financial crisis will help speculators to generate quick profit. Ho wever, gold prices are now extremely high, and there is no guarantee that prices will keep increasing in the future.Since there are huge fluctuations in gold prices, speculators are very likely need to bear large amount of risk when they purchased gold. On the other hand, according to Taylor Frigon Capital Management LLC (2007) investment involves analyzing the future earning and the preference of participating in those future earnings. The expected future value of investment is higher than the cost of the investment. Expected future value takes into account for all of the potential good or bad events multiply by the probability of those events.Investors usually search for definable expected future value, minimize risk and investors have nominal risk aversion, which means that investors will prefer a more guaranteed payout and the uncertain one, otherwise, investors will need a higher expected returns in order for them to undertake the risk. Using the gold example to differentiate i nvestor and speculator, investors purchase gold and hold it for decades, because after couple of decades, the returns from selling those amounts of gold will be higher than the initial cost of buying those amounts of gold, even after subtracting the returns from the transaction costs.Furthermore, gold will still be considered as one of the most precious metal after couple of decades. Investors do not need to worry that the value of gold will worth nothing, thus expected future value is more guaranteed and risk is minimized to some extent. Speculators purchase gold during the periods of financial crisis, and sell gold in order to buy stocks during periods of bubble. This strategy can help speculators to generate quick profit, however, it is extremely hard to predict when bubble or crisis will occur, and this uncertainty might cause speculators to experience huge amount of loss as well.Lottery Type of Stocks According to Kumar (2009), some stocks are classified as lottery type because they have prominent characteristics of lottery. Lottery type of stocks has low prices and relatively high potential payoff, just like jackpot in lottery. The expected returns of lottery type of stocks are negative but low, and they have risky payoffs. The price distribution of lottery type of stocks has very high variance, and most particularly, the probability of earning a huge profit is extremely small.Since lottery type of stocks has a very big probability of experiencing a loss and a very small probability to generate a huge gain, both risk and expected future value are indeterminate. By applying the definition of investors and speculators that we mentioned earlier, only speculators will have the preference of buying lottery type of stocks, due to their risk loving behavior, while investors do not, because risk-averse investors prefer to minimize risk even though there is a small change to earn huge profit.Positivism One of the main topics in philosophy of social science is pos itivism. According to the Merriam-Webber’s Dictionary, â€Å"positivism† is a view of scientific methods and a philosophy approach that defines positive knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations as verified by the empirical sciences, and defines theology and metaphysic as earlier imperfect modes of knowledge.According to Perry, Riege and Brown (1999), some of the ontological assumptions of positivism are that the world exists externally, it is characterized by natural laws and it can be objectively observed by using a scientific way. In other words, positivism can be viewed as an appropriate methodology of social science, which emphasizes empirical observation. Positivism is also associated with empiricism, only the events, things or creatures that can be observed based on sense, experience and positive verification via the five senses can be considered as authentic knowledge.According to Creswell (2003), the underlying epistemological assumption of positivism is that there is an independent researcher of the research project, who is value and bias free, and has no influence on the result of research or data collected. Furthermore, Ticehurst and Veal (2000) states that the methodological approach for positivism is restricted in term of explanation and discovery of facts. Researcher uses developed theories and frameworks to describe behaviours based on the observations and facts collected.As a result, scientific, empiricist, experiental, deductive or quantitative approaches are involved in the research. In addition, Guba and Lincoln (1994) state that the paradigm stresses the value-free theory testing instead of theory building. Some of the key assumptions of the positivism paradigm, according to Phillips and Burbles (2000) include, first of all, researchers use null hypothesis because founded evidence in their research is usually fallible and imperfect. Secondly, majority of quantitative researches begin with the test of a theory.Researches can be considered as a practice of making claims, and subsequently either abandoning or refining them. Thirdly, knowledge is shaped by the data, evidence and rational considerations. Furthermore, research attempts to develop statements those are relevant and true, in which they are able to provide descriptions and explanations for the situation or causal relationship. Lastly, one of the most important parts of a competent inquiry is to being objective. Data and MethodologyIn order for lottery type of stocks to match the main characteristics of lotteries, first of all, the data will mainly focus on the stock with low prices (under one pound per stock). Within the set of stocks with low prices, my PhD research will focus on stocks with higher stock specific skewness, because these are the stock with higher potential payoff and they appears to be more attractive to speculators. Lastly, among the set of stocks with higher stock specific skewness and prices be low one pound, my PhD research will focus on stocks with higher idiosyncratic volatility.It is because stocks with higher idiosyncratic volatility are more likely to be considered as lottery type of stocks, because speculators might believe that when volatility is high, there is larger probability to realize the extreme returns that occurred in the past (Kumar, 2009). The methodology will be similar to Kothari and Warner (2006), in which the return of any given security at any given time can be obtained by adding the expected return based on expected return models, like Fama-French three factors model, to the abnormal return. The abnormal return of a given time eriod can be obtained by averaging all the abnormal returns of the given period. Given the test statistics provided by Kothari and Warner (2006), the paper will test the null hypothesis, comparing the returns of lottery type of stocks and index returns. If the test statistics are significantly lower, then the evidence may sug gest that the returns of lottery type of stocks underperform index returns, or vice versa. Criticisms to Positivism Some of the criticisms to the positivism is that the ontological position of positivist vis-a-vis reality that social reality exists in an independent way to the researcher (Schutz 1954).It is not helpful for the exploratory research, because the research attempts to understand meaning of the speculating process and varying perception of speculators. Berg (2004) claimed that people, events, objects and situation do possess meaning themselves; these elements confer meaning due to human interaction. Furthermore, it is inappropriate to ask the positivistic position on the epistemological question of â€Å"In what way one can obtain knowledge from a particular reality? † due to the postulation that investigating in such a reality provides no change to that reality.Moreover, one of the main criticisms of the positivism paradigm, according to Hussey and Hussey (1997), is that it is impossible to consider to people as being separate from the social contexts and they cannot be understood without apprehending their views of their own activities. A rigorously structured research design will impose some constraints on the results, and it might ignore more relevant findings, because researchers might carry their own value and interest to the research. The researchers cannot be objective because they are also part of what they are trying to observe.Lastly, statistical variables could be misleading as it is trying to capture complex phenomena. Reasons for Selecting the Positivist Paradigm Positivism is chosen to fit my PhD project, because according to Phan (2006), first of all, ontologically, stock markets is a financial world in which investment decisions can be considered as an external world, objectively adjusting itself, and individual perceptions or desires cannot have any influence. Secondly, quantifiable results are mainly the concerns in the wo rld of financial markets; it is impossible to make any alteration to the reality or to make any different perception.Thirdly, epistemologically, the researchers should be independent of their research projects, in other words, they should be free of bias and personal value, and should have no influence on the collection of data or the results of researches. Moreover, one of the main objectives of the PhD projects is to test hypothesis regarding to the returns of indexes and returns of lottery type of stocks, not to construct new theory or to implement any reform. Lastly, objectivity is important in the financial world in order to provide explanation to phenomena and causal relationships.To summarise, the PhD projects will be mainly focus on making measurements in a statistical and systematic way in order to provide validity, generalization, reliability for the measurements, as well as its predictive cause and effect (Casell and Symon 2004). Summary To sum up, my PhD research will be mainly focus on the speculative behaviours of the stock traders, such as fund managers and retail speculators on lottery type of stocks. The paper will be carry out using quantitative method and positivism fits very well in my research, as positivism is a methods that define positive knowledge which can be verified by empirical sciences.There are some criticisms about the ontological and epistemological assumption of positivism, nevertheless, the benefits of applying positivism exceeds it costs as my PhD research will mainly focus on making measurements in a statistical and systematic way to predict the cause and effect of different research topics, as well as their validity, generalization and reliability of the measurements. Reference: Berg, B. L. (2004) Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. 5th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. Boston.Casell, C and Symon, G (2004), Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organisational Research, Sage Publications Ltd, London, UK Creswell, J (2003), Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approach, 2nd Edition, Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA. Guba, E and Lincoln, Y (1994), Competing paradigms in qualitative research, Handbook of Qualitative Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Hussey, J. and Hussey, R. (1997) â€Å"Business Research† Macmillan Press Ltd, Basingstoke Kumar, A. (2009) â€Å"Who Gambles in the Stock Market†, The Journal of Finance, Vol 64, No 4, 1889-1993Little, D. (2005) â€Å"Western Philosophy of Social Science† Peking University Lohpetch, D. andCorne, D. (2010) Outperforming Buy-and-Hold with Evolved Technical Trading Rules: Daily, Weekly and Monthly Trading, EvoApplications 2010, Springer LNCS Phan, A 2006, â€Å"Hedge funds and China’s stock market: a study on factors influencing investment decisions by fund managers†, DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW. Peers, M. (2003) â€Å"A Guide To: Gambling, Investment, and Speculati on† Available at: www. math. byu. edu, Accessed on January 15, 2012Perry, C, Riege, A & Brown, L 1999, â€Å"Realism's role among scientific paradigms inmarketing research†, Irish Marketing Review, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 16-23. Phillips, DC and Burbules, NC (2000), Postpositivism and educational research, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Rosenberg, A. (1988) â€Å"Why a Philosophy of Social Science? † In Philosophy of Social Science. Boulder, CO:Westview Press 1-21. Schutz, A (1954), Concept and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 51, No. 9, 257-273 Ticehurst, GW and Veal, AJ (2000), Business Research Methods: A Managerial Approach, Pearson Education: NSW Australia

The Vampire And Vampire Genre - 2094 Words

The vampire genre has been a dominating force in films and television shows for ages now. Earlier vampire films were known for being creepy and eerie, leading people to fear the vampire. While modern vampire films and television shows are known for making vampires more likable or even relatable. This modernization of the vampire seems to have come as a result of film and television makers combining the vampire genre with other genres. Having films and television shows about vampires in high school, in romantic relationships, and even vampires are heroes have become a common tend in pop culture. With hit films like the Twilight (Hardwicke, 2008), it no wonder that film and television creators are not jumping all over this popular trend. Two†¦show more content†¦It used to be that he vampire would be seen as these dark and creepy creatures that would stalk and feed off its prey, similar to the original folklore, but people just seem to not be as interesting in that anymore. Af ter seeing the same kind of story and villain over and over again audiences are going to get tired of it, which is why it makes since that film and television makers decided it was time to revamp the vampire genre. Combining the vampire genre with other genres, like romance, is a good way of keeping the vampire genre fresh. Film and television creators needed to figure out new ways to change the vampire genre up, and combining them with different genres was a clever way. By combining the vampire genre with other genres, film and television creators have endless possibilities of what they can do with the vampire genre. For the past few years the romantic and teen genre has been a dominating for the vampire genre, leading the vampires to change and adapt into the new modern vampires. Once place that we have seen this hybridity impact the vampire genre is in television shows. In the late ninety’s Joss Whedon created the cult classic vampire drama Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Buffy the Vampire Slayer was one of the first shows to take the vampire and integrated it into a teen television show. Buffy is about a girl, Buffy Summers, that must â€Å"fulfill her destiny of fighting vampires and demons with the help of her friends all the while struggling to live aShow MoreRelatedBuffy the Vampire Slayer as Horror Genre Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesBuffy the Vampire Slayer as Horror Genre The horror genre has very set conventions and rules and horror films have stuck to these but in Buffy the vampire slayer a new set of rules are written. Joss Whedon has given the audience another dimension to horror by subverting the genre, in doing this the effectiveness of the program is increased. 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